Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin and researcher Anders Elowsson have introduced a proposal to overhaul how users pay for transactions on the network.

The plan centers around a unified multidimensional fee market, designed to simplify fee calculation and improve economic efficiency across the Ethereum ecosystem.

The proposal arrives during a period of low network fees. Over the past week, Ethereum’s median gas price has consistently remained under 1 Gwei, marking the lowest levels this year.

This context emphasizes the need for a more adaptable and efficient fee structure to support future growth.

Multidimensional fee market

At the proposal’s core is a single max_fee value users set when submitting a transaction. This fee would apply across all network resources, such as computation, storage, and calldata, instead of requiring users to assign different fee limits to each.

By making max_fee fungible across these dimensions, Ethereum can allocate the fee “dynamically” to whichever resource needs it most, optimizing capital usage.

According to the proposal:

“The fee market is further unified in terms of a single update fraction under a single fee update mechanism, generalized reserve pricing, and a gas normalization that retains current percentage ranges while keeping the price stable whenever a gas limit changes.”

Currently, Ethereum operates with separate fee systems: EIP-1559 governs regular gas, while EIP-4844 covers blob gas. This proposal aims to consolidate both mechanisms under the EIP-4844 framework, providing better control over long-term resource consumption.

The multidimensional fee market design allows Ethereum to better adapt to temporary demand spikes while maintaining price stability across various resources.

The first step in the rollout would be to apply this system to calldata, which often affects transaction propagation speed. From there, additional EVM resources could be added over time, using mechanisms that maintain backward compatibility.

Ultimately, this proposal would simplify the user experience and enable more scalability in the future. It would also consolidate fee structures and enable more flexible pricing, laying the groundwork for more predictable and efficient network activity.

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Jito Labs published a proposal for a Block Assembly Marketplace (BAM) on July 21, a transaction-sequencing system that would enable developers to run central-limit order books, perpetual exchanges, and dark pools on Solana without altering the base protocol.

The design introduces a network of BAM Nodes that sit beside the existing validator set, order encrypted transactions inside Trusted Execution Environments, and forward them to the leader with cryptographic attestations of sequence integrity. 

From privacy to auditability in one pipeline

According to the document, BAM Validators running an updated Jito-Solana client then execute the ordered bundle, returning proofs that they have followed the instructions.

The proposal cites three technical goals. The first is keeping orders private until execution to curb harmful MEV, while creating a public audit trail of every ordered bundle. Lastly, BAM intends to give applications direct access to scheduling logic through Plugins. 

Each plugin can inject or reorder instructions inside the enclave, enabling application-controlled execution for use cases such as “just-in-time” oracle updates or priority cancel-replace flows for market makers. 

According to the roadmap, a revenue split channels plugin fees to node operators, validators, stakers, and the Jito DAO.

Phased rollout

Jito will operate the first BAM Nodes while an alpha validator cohort, consisting of Triton One, SOL Strategies, Figment, Helius, and others, tests the client. 

The plan seeks a “high single-digit” percentage of delegated stake shortly after launch, then 30% or more as additional node operators join. Jito aims to open-source the code and reach 50 geographically distributed nodes before handing governance to the DAO.

Jito argues that BAM offers institutions deterministic execution and verifiable privacy, two requirements often cited by high-frequency traders. 

By allowing custom sequencing without private mempools or off-chain deals, the system could attract order flow that now migrates to centralized venues. 

The firm added that Solana’s existing throughput positions the chain to act as a decentralized Nasdaq once plugins for perpetuals and dark pools arrive.

Jito Labs intends to submit a governance proposal directing all BAM and block-engine fees to the Jito DAO treasury while the company continues technical maintenance. The approach would shift value capture from MEV extraction to fee-sharing for scheduling services, the document said.

The Block Assembly Marketplace plan now awaits feedback from validators, developers, and token holders before the code moves into production testing.

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Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin and Toni Wahrstätter, a researcher at the Ethereum Foundation, have put forth a proposal that will cap the maximum gas a single transaction can use. The proposal, EIP 7983, claims:

“By implementing this limit, Ethereum can enhance its resilience against certain DoS [Denial of Service attack] vectors, improve network stability, and provide more predictability to transaction processing costs.”

The latest proposal is a modified version of EIP 7825, which was introduced in November last year but has since stagnated.

The proposal will limit gas usage for individual transactions to 16.77 million gas

The proposal aims to enforce a maximum limit of 16.77 million gas for any single transaction, nearly half of the 30 million gas limit proposed in EIP 7825. This limit, according to Buterin and Wahrstätter, will be applicable irrespective of the block gas limit set by miners or validators.

Implementation of this proposal will see transactions specifying a gas limit above 16.77 million gas get invalidated. This means that during transaction validation, transactions exceeding the gas limit will be rejected and excluded from the transaction pool. Similarly, during block validation, any block that contains a transaction that exceeds the set gas limit will become invalid.

Buterin and Wahrstätter’s chosen 16.77 million gas limit will provide a “balance between allowing complex transactions while maintaining predictable execution bounds,” as per the proposal. The authors added:

“This value enables most current use cases, including contract deployments and advanced DeFi interactions, while ensuring consistent performance characteristics.”

When implemented, the proposal will require users and decentralized applications (dApps) to split transactions with higher gas limits into smaller operations. However, Buterin and Wahrstätter expect the limit to impact a minimal number of users and dApps since most current transactions fall well below the proposed limit.

Why setting a transaction gas limit matters

Ethereum’s current architecture allows transactions to theoretically consume the entire gas limit of a block. This architecture carries several risks.

For instance, allowing a single transaction to consume most or all of the block gas limit can make it easier for miscreants to execute DoS attacks. In DoS attacks, bad actors try to overwhelm a network through a barrage of spam transactions. This causes the network to fail to provide service to genuine users.

According to the proposal, the absence of a transaction gas limit can also lead to uneven load distribution and affect network stability.

Having variable gas usage can also cause an imbalance in load distribution across transactions in a block. Furthermore, high-gas transactions also cause longer block verification times, which can impact user experience.

Benefits of setting a transaction gas limit

According to Buterin and Wahrstätter, limiting the gas usage limit of single transactions can help reduce the risk of single-transaction DoS attacks. Essentially, the limit will set a guardrail that prevents malicious actors from using the network’s bandwidth through large spam transactions.

The limit would also ensure that gas is allocated fairly across transactions in a block, the proposal stated. The cap is also expected to make the validation of blocks “more predictable and uniform.”

The most important benefit, however, would be enhanced compatibility with zero-knowledge virtual machines (zkVMs). Encouraging transactions with hefty gas limits to be broken up into smaller chunks “allows better participation in distributed proving systems,” and enables “more predictable zkVM circuit design,” the proposal stated.

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Author

Tim Alper

Author

Tim Alper

About Author

Tim Alper is a British journalist and features writer who has worked at Cryptonews.com since 2018. He has written for media outlets such as the BBC, the Guardian, and Chosun Ilbo. He has also worked…

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June 16, 2025

The Brazilian lawmaker Eros Biondini has created a draft bill that proposes doing away with crypto tax, particularly in the case of citizens who hold Bitcoin (BTC) as a long-term store of value.

The MP has filed his bill in the Chamber of Deputies, the Portuguese-language media outlet Livecoins reported.

Brazilian Crypto Tax: Could Levies Be Scrapped?

The bill calls for the removal of the clauses in the tax code that explicitly mention the taxation of cryptoassets.

It also calls for the abolition of a 2023 law that spells out the means of collecting income tax from profits derived from cryptoassets.

The bill will first be assessed by a Chamber of Deputies committee. The committee will decide whether or not to pass the bill on to the lower house.

From there, it could then move on to the Senate and the office of the President. Both the Senate and the President would have the power to veto the bill.

Biondini also claims that new taxes on financial transactions, including foreign exchange and insurance transfers, are ill-timed.

He claimed that imposing a new tax burden on the population at “a time of economic fragility” would have negative consequences.

The lawmaker noted that the Brazilian tax “burden” reached 32.32% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in FY2024. This is the tax-to-GDP ratio’s highest rate in the last 15 years, per Treasury data.

Biondini criticized the government’s crypto policy. He complained that Brazil, “instead of leading” the world in crypto adoption, is now “going against the grain.”

He said existing and future crypto tax laws “penalize people who are looking for a legitimate, safe, and sovereign store of value.”

Formal Recognition for BTC Savers

The crypto-adovocating lawmaker has previously authored a bill that seeks to formally recognize Bitcoin as a strategic store of value in Brazil.

This proposal seeks to create tax exemption for BTC buyers and holders. It also seeks to spell out citizens’ rights to become self-custodians of their coins, without having to rely on crypto wallet operators.

Biondini took to social media last week in an attempt to unite the Brazilian crypto community behind his bill.

He suggested that if the topic were to go viral, the lower house would be pressured to reject efforts to boost crypto tax revenues in Brazil.

Biondini also called on fellow parliamentarians to back his bill. He explained that it had been designed to defend taxpayers, industry players, and Brazil’s “economic sovereignty.”

In November last year, Biondini unveiled a bill proposing the creation of a national Bitcoin reserve.

The plan called for the government to convert up to 5% of Brazil’s $372 billion international reserve fund to Bitcoin.

Yuga Labs CEO Greg Solano has proposed the dissolution the ApeCoin DAO in favour of creating a new centralised entity called ApeCo.

The suggestion reflects a significant shift in governance strategy, moving away from a community-led model to a more controlled structure overseen by Yuga Labs. This plan involves transferring all assets and responsibilities from the DAO to ApeCo, which would take over management of projects such as ApeChain, the Bored Ape Yacht Club, and Otherside.

The proposal is currently open for review by ApeCoin tokenholders, who will decide through a formal vote whether the transition should proceed.

Why is Greg Solano proposing to dissolve ApeDAO?

In his official proposal, Solano described the ApeCoin DAO as “sluggish, noisy, and often unserious,” noting that whilst the DAO helped launch ApeCoin, it has struggled to deliver consistent, high-impact outcomes.

He criticised the DAO for funding what he described as “gridlock, governance theater, vanity proposals, and low-impact noise” and suggested that the decentralised governance model is no longer suitable for the ecosystem’s evolving needs.

Solano argues that a more centralised structure under ApeCo would enable faster decision-making and better allocation of resources, particularly towards core areas like ApeChain and the Bored Ape Yacht Club.

What’s next for ApeCoin DAO?

If the proposal is approved, the ApeCoin DAO would be formally dissolved, with all its assets—including APE tokens, smart contracts, intellectual property, and technical infrastructure—transferred to ApeCo. Governance rights held by tokenholders would be revoked, and the DAO’s forums, elections, and working groups would be shut down.

The plan includes funding an existing staking contract with 11.25 million APE and reserving 10 million APE for legal and operational expenses during the transition.

The proposal now awaits a community vote from ApeCoin holders and a formal on-chain vote will determine whether the DAO’s closure and ApeCo’s establishment will proceed.

Binance co-founder Changpeng “CZ” Zhao proposed creating a dark pool perpetual swap decentralized exchange (DEX) to prevent market manipulation.

In a June 1 X post, Zhao said that he has “always been puzzled with the fact that everyone can see your orders in real-time on a DEX.”

“The problem is worse on a perp DEX where there are liquidations,” he said.

Zhao added, “If you’re looking to purchase $1 billion worth of a coin, you generally wouldn’t want others to notice your order until it’s completed.” This is to prevent front-running and maximum extractable value (MEV) bot attacks, which can result in increased slippage, worse prices and higher costs.

His comments follow the liquidation of nearly $100 million in Bitcoin long positions on Hyperliquid reportedly held by a trader known as James Wynn. The event, which occurred after Bitcoin fell below $105,000, sparked claims on X that some users had coordinated to “hunt” Wynn’s liquidation.

One X user claimed that Tron co-founder Justin Sun showed interest in participating, but the claim remains unconfirmed. He also went so far as to invite Eric Trump, the son of the United States’ President Donald Trump, to the group.

Related: Financial freedom means stopping crypto MEV attacks — Shutter Network contributor

What are dark pools?

Zhao said that “large traders in TradFi use dark pools, often 10 times bigger” than traditional, transparent pools. Dark pools are private trading venues where large orders are hidden from public view until after they are executed.

This prevents front-running, slippage and MEV attacks by concealing order size, price and intent. Still, implementing decentralized dark pools would require complex systems such as zero-knowledge proofs (ZK-proofs) or delayed settlement mechanisms.

Maria Carola, CEO of instant exchange StealthEX, told Cointelegraph that “the fundamental challenge in building a dark pool-style perp DEX is achieving both privacy and verifiability.” She noted that ZK-proofs and encrypted order matching are promising avenues for development. She added:

“I think one concrete approach is leveraging zk-SNARKs or zk-STARKs to validate trade execution and settlement without revealing trade details.“

The obstacles are not just technical in nature. Carola highlighted that “launching an onchain dark pool, especially for perpetuals, enters a complex regulatory landscape.”

Related: Protecting Web3 users’ integrity by preventing malicious MEV — Here’s how

Trade privacy is critical to derivatives

Zhao argued that privacy is particularly important in derivatives markets. He said public visibility of liquidation levels exposes large traders to coordinated attacks that could force premature liquidation:

“If others can see your liquidation point, they could try to push the market to liquidate you. Even if you got a billion dollars, others can gang up on you.“

The Binance co-founder admitted that there are counter-arguments to such designs, with the added transparency potentially allowing market makers to absorb large orders. He said that this is “possibly true.”

“I won’t get into an argument on which is right or wrong. Different traders may prefer different types of markets,“ he said.

StealthEX’s Carola added that “opacity is a double-edged sword,” noting that it reduces front-running, but “also obscures manipulation attempts, especially in a leveraged environment.” “To address this, a ‘dark’ perp DEX must implement adaptive risk engines and behavioral anomaly detection, ideally with cryptographic accountability baked in,“ she said.

Zhao concluded by encouraging developers to launch an onchain dark pool decentralized exchange with perpetual swaps. He said this could be achieved “either by not showing the orderbook, or even better, not showing deposits into smart contracts at all, or until much later.”

Magazine: How crypto bots are ruining crypto, including auto memecoin rug pulls

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