The 401(k) account is one of the most common retirement savings accounts that employers offer their workers. Employees are able to contribute pre-tax dollars to these accounts and invest them tax-deferred. Only when withdrawals are made do the account holders pay taxes at their ordinary tax rate.

Employers have the option to offer some kind of matching contribution, usually up to a set percentage of each employee’s salary. Employer contributions are deductible up to a certain point.

With everyone making different salaries and employers having different policies for their 401(k) plans, it’s natural for workers to wonder how much they should save as they approach retirement. While there is no single right answer, available data can help you gauge where you stand.

Image source: Getty Images.

The average 401(k) balance for retirees age 60 and older

While several companies provide data on the average 401(k) balance, I like to use Fidelity when I can, given the company’s size and reputation in the space.

At the end of 2024, Fidelity looked at 401(k) data from 26,700 corporate defined contribution plans that included 24.5 million participants. The company found that the average 401(k) balance was $246,500 for ages 60 to 64, $251,400 for ages 65 to 69, and $250,000 for ages 70 and over.

Fidelity actually recommends saving much more than this amount. In prior articles, the company has suggested having eight times your annual salary by age 60 and 10 times your annual salary by age 67. With median annual earnings for a full-time U.S. worker above $50,000, Fidelity’s recommendation is far higher than the approximately $250,000 average balance for its plan participants near retirement.

But again, there’s always a difference between advice and reality. Retirees should also understand that an average number among tens of millions of people captures so many different scenarios. Ultimately, retirees should think about the lifestyle they want in retirement and work with a financial advisor or on their own to determine how much they need to support that lifestyle.

Bitwise and UTXO Management project that 20% of all Bitcoin (BTC) could migrate to institutional balance sheets by end-2026, according to a new report published by Bitwise and UTXO Management on May 23.

The study, called “Exploring the Game Theory of Hyperbitcoinization,” models five demand channels for Bitcoin.

Nation-states top the list with a $161.7 billion allocation built on a 5% swap of existing gold reserves into Bitcoin, equal to 1.62 million BTC, or 7.7% of the 21 million-coin cap. 

Wealth-management platforms that oversee roughly $60 trillion could direct $120 billion into spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds if clients opt for a 0.2% position.

Public companies, which already hold more than 600,000 BTC collectively, could add another 1.18 million coins ($117.8 billion) as fair-value accounting rules and peer competition reinforce treasury adoption.

Meanwhile, 13 US state reserve bills translate to a modeled $19.6 billion purchase, while sovereign-wealth funds account for a $7.8 billion base case. The combined flows total $427 billion, about 4.27 million BTC, or 20% of the supply.

Path to 20% of Bitcoin supply by 2026

Bitwise and UTXO cited the first-year performance of spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in the US, which attracted $36.2 billion of net inflows and surpassed gold-ETF assets in one-twentieth the time SPDR Gold Shares required after launch. 

The report argued that major wirehouses and private banks will soon open ETF access, transforming dormant interest into orders.

Once holdings accumulate, the report anticipates a pivot toward BTC-denominated yield. It values the nascent Bitcoin finance market at $100 billion if only 5% of a $2 trillion Bitcoin capitalization seeks on-chain lending, basis trades, or bridge-operator fees. 

Firms such as Strategy and Metaplanet leverage these tools to expand reserves without new equity issuance.

Favorable policies in the US

Additionally, policy initiatives add a structural bid. The BITCOIN Act, reintroduced by Senator Cynthia Lummis in March, would direct the Treasury to buy 200,000 BTC annually for five years.

Meanwhile, President Donald Trump signed an executive order in March to establish a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve with 198,000 seized coins. 

Parallel state bills cap BTC at up to 10% of rainy-day funds, reinforcing what the authors describe as a game-theory loop. Each cohort that accumulates removes circulating supply, lifts price floors, and pressures lagging peers to act.

Bitwise and UTXO conclude that the interplay among sovereigns, corporations, and wealth platforms could push adoption beyond speculative trade into portfolio mechanics and public finance policy. 

The report frames this progression as a step toward “hyperbitcoinization,” which will be driven by balance-sheet management rather than market sentiment and result in institutions accumulating roughly 20% of the Bitcoin supply by 2026.

Mentioned in this article

BTC Price Action Details: Technical Levels

Bitcoin is trading around the $104,000 mark after a powerful breakout rally that started in late April. As shown in the daily chart, BTC surged through the $90K resistance and cleared $100K with strong momentum, but is now facing resistance near $104K–$105K, a zone that previously acted as a major supply region during the February highs.

The chart reveals that BTC is consolidating just below this resistance with a small retrace and declining volume, suggesting a cooling of momentum after several days of aggressive buying. This isn’t necessarily bearish — short pauses are common before retesting key levels, especially when RSI and volume stretch. The 200-day moving average (SMA) and exponential moving average (EMA) remain well below the current price, showing that bulls maintain structural control.

The key levels to watch now are $103,600 (short-term support) and $104,900–$105,500 (resistance zone). A clean break above this range would open the path toward new all-time highs. Conversely, a failure to break higher may lead to a retest of the breakout zone near $100K. Overall, price action remains bullish, but the next few candles will be decisive for short-term trend continuation.

Featured image from Dall-E, chart from TradingView

Defi Development Corp (JNVR), formerly known as Janover, added an additional $9.9 million to Solana’s SOL to its corporate finances, pushing Crypto Hollitings to 317,273 SOL or about $48 million, the company said Wednesday.

Purchases made through Bitgo’s commercial desks include a locked sol tranch. These are tokens that are usually tied to chains or bankruptcy proceedings, and although they cannot be moved by chains yet, they are cheaper than the spot price.

“Getting access to locked discounted inventory through trusted partners like Bitgo helps us to build up some of our SOL prices below SOL, whilst gaining greater consistency with the Solana Ecosystem,” CEO Joseph Onorati said in a statement.

Renamed Defi Development earlier this week, Janover began as a real estate data and software company, but has moved to its position as a public US company that provides direct exposure to investors to the Solana ecosystem through its balance sheet. The pivot came after a group of former executives of Crypto Exchange Kraken, including Honorati, acquired a majority stake in the company this month.

The company noted that the latest purchases meant that 1.5 million outstanding shares of each are now 0.22 Sol, an up 40% from previous disclosures.

Companies have bought SoL to provide TradFi investors with exposure to tokens, and this trend has gained momentum recently. Sol Strategies has been captured by Sol Strategies, a publicly-owned company run by CEO Leah Wald, co-founder of digital asset manager Valkyrie Investments. Today, the company announced that it has secured a convertible notebook facility of up to $500 million to increase its investment in the Solana network.

read more: Janover gets pages from Saylor Playbook and doubles Sol Stack to $20 million 1700%

Disclaimer: This article, or in part, was generated with the support of AI tools and reviewed by our editorial team to ensure accuracy and compliance with the standards. For more information, see Coindesk’s complete AI policy.

Bitcoin is making its way from trading desks to corporate treasuries, and by the end of the decade, it could be standard practice, according to one analyst.

“Across all the different strategies and implementations, I anticipate that by 2030, a quarter of the S&P 500 will have BTC somewhere on their balance sheets as a long-term asset,” Elliot Chun, a partner at Architect Partners, wrote in a market snapshot.

The strategy—holding bitcoin as a treasury reserve asset—was unorthodox when Strategy, formerly known as MicroStrategy, first adopted it in August 2020. The firm framed BTC as a hedge against inflation, a diversification tool, and a way to distinguish itself in the market.

Then CEO Michael Saylor’s highly public embrace of bitcoin transformed the company into a de facto proxy for BTC exposure. Since then, MicroStrategy stock has surged more than 2,000%, far outpacing both the S&P 500 and bitcoin over the same period, Chun pointed out.

GameStop is the latest company to follow suit, announcing this week that it would raise $1.3 billion through a convertible note to acquire bitcoin. Its stock initially surged following the announcement but has since endured a correction, falling nearly 15% for the week.

Chun argued that treasurers may soon face career risk not for buying bitcoin, but for ignoring it altogether. “Doing nothing is no longer a defensible strategy,” he wrote.

According to BitcoinTreasuries data, publicly listed companies currently hold 665,618 BTC, around 3.17% of the cryptocurrency’s total supply. Strategy holds the lion’s share, 506,137 BTC.

Read more: U.S. Listed Firms Continue Bitcoin (BTC) Treasury Adoption

In March, corporate treasuries from Virginia to Texas, California, and Japan added Bitcoin to their books as a financial strategy. This is beginning to become a trend with factorable implications for Bitcoin’s price.

Bitcoin ETFs on Wall Street flipped back to a streak of decisively positive inflows in March. These are custodial services of on-chain BTC for regulated investors.

But meanwhile, it’s not just publicly traded, SEC-regulated financial conglomerates competing with the US government and states for Bitcoin this year to sell it to their clients.

Several publicly traded non-financial corporations are now adding BTC to their corporate treasuries as a long-term financial strategy to improve their account balance by unburdening it of dollar buying power that boils off unless the team immediately adds it to a profitable expense line.

The following four examples could be the first drops in a brewing storm of corporate competition for Bitcoin, which might find that today’s price levels significantly undervalue the scarce supply of this novel Internet currency secured by commercially available military-grade public key encryption.

1. Michael Saylor’s Strategy Buys 6,911 More Bitcoin

Let the $GME begin. pic.twitter.com/k8orQ5Zsju

— Michael Saylor (@saylor) March 26, 2025

The Virginia-based Bitcoin holding and financial company Strategy bought 6,911 BTC for $584 million from Mar. 17 – Mar. 23. That brings Strategy’s total holdings to 506,137 BTC, according to data compiled by Bitcoin Treasuries.

In Q4 of last year, the company bought a total of 218,887 bitcoins for $20.5 billion. Then in January, Strategy bought 10,107 BTC for around $1.1 billion.

In second place globally by BTC holdings is MARA Holdings, Inc., with 46,374, less than 10% of Strategy’s vault. Shockingly, the electric carmaker Tesla weighs in at 4th place, with 11,509 BTC.

The Austin-based automobile IT giant has more Bitcoin on its balance sheet than many blockchain sector companies like CleanSpark, Coinbase, and Block.

2. GameStop to Hold Corporate Bitcoin

Meanwhile, brick-and-mortar Texas retail video game chain GameStop, which became a meme stock in 2021 so the finance bros on Wall Street Bets could let off some steam amid the global pandemic, announced on March 25 that it will add BTC to its balance sheet.

Just under four months after Microsoft voted to reject a similar proposal for the Seattle computer giant, GameStop’s board of directors unanimously approved a plan to buy Bitcoin for the company.

Its stock jumped 11.7% following the news but later dumped by over 20%. GameStop has filed to raise $1.3 billion in stock-convertible corporate loans to purchase Bitcoin.

The main thrust of GameStop’s business strategy isn’t focused on acquiring Bitcoin like Strategy. Neither is it a blockchain nor even a high-tech sector company. But now BTC is part of its financial toolkit.

This is a premier example of the normalization and mainstream adoption of Bitcoin as a modern currency and financial asset because of its unique characteristics that are highly valued by key specifications of the Internet and mainstream financial economy.

3. Japan’s MetaPlanet Adds $12.6M in BTC

Across the ocean from California, MetaPlanet, a hotel chain in Japan, is shoring up its corporate finances with a big Bitcoin purchase. In March, the corporate cryptocurrency adopter bought 150 BTC for around USD $12.6 million.

That brings the company’s total holdings to 3,350 BTC, with a total market value above $172 million in March. The week before March’s top-off, the US president’s son Eric Trump joined the firm’s crypto advisory board as its first member.

At Michael Saylor’s New Year’s Eve party last year, MetaPlanet’s CEO Simon Gerovich said:

“In April for us—that’s when we decided we want to begin adopting Bitcoin. And now what we want to do is accumulate more Bitcoin over time for our shareholders.”

He also said he believes governments in Asia, including Japan’s, will be sure to follow the US in establishing national Bitcoin stockpiles. When the US begins mining or purchasing tranches of BTC to hold in a national reserve, the international “gold” rush would be apt to begin in earnest.

4. KULR Technology Buys $5 million More Bitcoin

In San Diego, California, the lithium ion battery and electronics company KULR Technology Group added to its corporate BTC stockpile in March. It bought an additional 58.3 BTC worth around $5.3 million. That brings its told holdings to 668 BTC.

KULR first established its Bitcoin treasury in December with a $21 million investment in the blockchain built to hold only 21 million BTC. KULR chairman and CEO Michael Mo said, “We believe the growing global acceptance of Bitcoin is still in its early stages.”

He reiterated BTC’s reputation as a macro hedge on inflation and geopolitical uncertainties with a strong trend of appreciating value over the long-term time scale.

The electronics company isn’t merely accepting Bitcoin as payment and waiting for a customer to push some to them. It’s actively going out and acquiring BTC to protect and improve its finances.

5. 2024 Accounting Update Paves Way for Corporate Holdings

Another reason this new trend of corporate accumulation has begun to emerge may be the Dec. 2023 update to the Financial Accounting Services Board (FASB) rules, officially adopting fair value accounting procedures for corporate BTC holdings.

The acceptance and standardization of a reasonable and simple accounting procedure for Bitcoin held by corporations lowers the complexity and cost of compliance. It also signals mainstream acceptance and support for companies’ ownership of Bitcoin.